Technology Document

Electric Heater

Warmness to the world by JOUL, dreams about warm world

  • Fundamental formula
  • Resistance and combined resistance
  • Surface power density(Watt Density)
  • Indication for line-to-line and phase-to-phase voltage and current according to 3 phase voltage
  • Joule's law
  • Others

Unit and symbol

Voltage V = V (Volt)
Current I = A (Ampere)
Resistance R = Ω (Ohm)
       Rt (combined resistance)
       R1, R2, R3,..... Rn (individual resistance)
       Y ( Y wiring)), Δ (Delta wiring))
Power P = W (Watt)

- Power density WD = W/Cm²
- Heater diameter D = Cm (Diameter)
- Length of heating part HL = Cm (Heating Length)

Electricity formula

P = V x I (W)
I = V / R (A)

Derived formula

P = V²/ R = I²x R
R = V²/ P = P / I²

Ex) What is the resistance when voltage is 220V, and power is 500W ?
      R = (220x220) / 500 = 96.8 Ω
Ex) If resistance is 48.4Ω and voltage is 220V, what is the capacity ?
      P = V²/ R = (220x220) / 48.4 = 1,000W
* When only the resistance is available, voltages of 110V, 127V, 220V, 254V, 380V, etc are substituted to gain capacity. Then, power should be compared.

Important formula

P = 48400 / R (for 220V of voltage)
R = 48400 / P (for 220V of voltage)

Series resistance


직렬저항
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + ....... + Rn

Parallel resistance


병렬저항
(1/Rt) = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) + .... + (1/Rn)
Rt = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + .... +1/Rn)

Surface power density(Watt Density)

WD = P / (π x D x HL) (W/Cm²)

Y(Star) - wiring

Line voltage = Vs , Phase voltage = Vw, Line current = As, Phase current = Aw
결선

※ Vw = Vs / √3 (√3 = 1.732050808)
※ As = Aw

Ex) When AC is 380V 3Φ and total capacity is 1200W, the individual capacity for heater is 1200W / 3 = 400W and voltage (Vw) is 380 / √3 = 219.393V
Therefore, three heaters of 220V 400W should be prepared, and Star wired.

Δ(Delta) - wiring

Line voltage = Vs , phase voltage = Vw, Line current = As, phase current = Aw
결선

※ Vw = Vs
※ Aw = As / √3 (√3 = 1.732050808)

Ex) When AC is 380V 3Φ and total capacity is 1200W, individual capacity of heater is 1200W / 3 = 400W and voltage (Vw) is Vw=Vs, 380V
Therefore, three heaters of 380V 400W should be prepared and Delta wired.

AC and DC

  • 교류및직류
    AC : Effective value = maximum value / √2
    (General alternating voltage is effective value)
  • 교류및직류
    DC
  • 교류및직류
    DC(rectifier)

Joule's law

Q = I² x R x T (J) = 0.239 x I² x R x T (cal)

Q = Calorie(J) / I = Current(A) / R = Resistance(Ω) / T = Time(sec)

Others

*If 0 ℃ of ice is to be 0 ℃ of water, 80 cal/g of heat of fusion is required.
  If 100 ℃ of saturated water is to be 100 ℃ of vapor, 539 cal/g of latent heat for evaporation is required.

※ 1lb=453g
※ 1BTU=0.252Kcal
※ 1CHU=1.8BTU=0.454Kcal
※ 1Kcal=3.968BTU=427kg.m=4.2KJ

* Cal : calorie for heating 1 g of pure water from 14.5 ℃ to 15.5 ℃
* BTU : calorie for heating 1 lb of pure water from 60 ℉ to 61 ℉
* CHU : calorie for heating 1 lb of pure water from 14.5 ℃ to 15.5 ℃